Polio (Poliomyelitis): Causes, Prevention & Management
Complete Guide to Symptoms, Types and Rehabilitation
Table of Contents
Introduction to Poliomyelitis (Polio)
Polio, also called Poliomyelitis, is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the poliovirus that primarily affects children under 5 years old. The virus destroys nerve cells in the spinal cord, causing muscle weakness or paralysis in various parts of the body.
Key Fact: "Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the poliovirus. The virus primarily affects the nervous system, potentially leading to permanent paralysis or even death in severe cases."
Causes & Transmission
Poliovirus
Polio is caused by the poliovirus, which spreads from person to person. The virus enters through the mouth, usually from hands contaminated with stool of an infected person.
Transmission Routes
- Faecal-oral route (primary)
- Contaminated water/food
- Direct contact with infected person
The virus multiplies in the intestine before potentially invading the nervous system and causing paralysis. While polio has been largely eradicated in many countries through vaccination, it remains endemic in some regions.
Prevention Methods
Vaccination - The Most Effective Prevention
Immunization is the most effective way to prevent polio. There are two main types of vaccines:
IPV (Inactivated Polio Vaccine)
- Given as injection
- Used in many countries
- Provides bloodstream immunity
OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)
- Given orally
- Common in endemic regions
- Provides intestinal immunity
Additional Prevention Measures: Proper sanitation, hygiene practices (especially handwashing), and avoiding contaminated food/water can help reduce transmission.
Types of Polio
| Type | Description | Symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| Non-Paralytic | Milder form without paralysis | Fever, sore throat, headache, vomiting, fatigue |
| Paralytic | Severe form causing paralysis | Loss of reflexes, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis |
| Post-Polio Syndrome | Occurs years after initial infection | New muscle pain, weakness, fatigue |
Types of Paralytic Polio
Spinal Polio
Most common form affecting spinal cord, causing asymmetric paralysis (often in legs)
Bulbar Polio
Affects brainstem, causing breathing/swallowing difficulties
Bulbospinal Polio
Combination affecting both limbs and respiratory functions
Management & Rehabilitation
Medical Treatment
No cure exists; treatment focuses on symptom management including pain relief and respiratory support
Rehabilitation
Physical and occupational therapy to improve mobility and independence
Orthopedic Care
Braces, corrective shoes, or surgery to manage deformities
Psychological Support
Counseling and support groups for emotional wellbeing
Educational Implications
Supporting Students Affected by Polio
Inclusion Practices
Adapt teaching methods and classroom activities for physical accessibility
Accessibility
Ensure ramps, elevators, adapted restrooms in school facilities
Assistive Technologies
Provide devices like specialized desks, writing aids, or computers
IEPs
Develop Individualized Education Plans for academic/physical support
Sources: World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Indian Academy of Pediatrics
Last updated: June 2025 | For educational purposes only
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